TY - JOUR
T1 - Structural evolution during cyclic glacier surges 2
T2 - Numerical Modeling
AU - Clarke, Garry K. C.
AU - Hambrey, Michael
N1 - Funding Information:
The field work and model development were supported by grants to G. K. C. C. from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. M. J. H. acknowledges the award of a Visiting Professorship at the University of British Columbia. Valuable discussions with Christian Schoof and Elisa Mantelli were greatly appreciated. The suggestions and constructive criticisms of reviewer Ed Waddington, an anonymous reviewer, and Editor-in-Chief Bryn Hubbard are greatly appreciated. There are no observational data in this study. Scripts and data files used to produce the modeling results and associated figures were placed in a GitHub repository and can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1491931.
Publisher Copyright:
©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
PY - 2019/3/18
Y1 - 2019/3/18
N2 - The mesoscale structures of a glacier express the history of flow, temperature, and stress. Thus, in principle, numerical ice dynamics models have sufficient physics to examine the formation and transport of these structures. In this study we use a vertically integrated thermomechanical ice dynamics model to simulate the temporally evolving patterns of surficial moraine, stratification, foliation, and folding of glacier ice, and the density and orientation of traces of former crevasses. The modeled glaciers are simplified versions of Trapridge Glacier in northwest Canada that allow diagnostic modeling of influences on glacier structure and help to clarify the physics and numerics. In the model, surges occur every 50 years in response to a prescribed cyclic change in bed friction. Medial moraine patterns are simulated by tracking the englacial and supraglacial trajectory of debris injected at fixed points in the accumulation region. Stratification is assumed to be associated with isochronal surfaces, and vertical foliation is explained in terms of horizontal flattening of strain ellipsoids. Crevasses form when and where the intensity of tensile stress exceeds a prescribed threshold; crack damage is cumulative so that crevasse traces observed at sampling sites are a superposition of the damage accumulated en route. Folding is parameterized but not resolved. By evaluating the deformation gradient tensor along ice particle trajectories and applying the polar decomposition to this tensor, we isolate the cumulative effects of rotation and stretching by ice flow and calculate strain ellipsoids as well as other practical indicators of deformation
AB - The mesoscale structures of a glacier express the history of flow, temperature, and stress. Thus, in principle, numerical ice dynamics models have sufficient physics to examine the formation and transport of these structures. In this study we use a vertically integrated thermomechanical ice dynamics model to simulate the temporally evolving patterns of surficial moraine, stratification, foliation, and folding of glacier ice, and the density and orientation of traces of former crevasses. The modeled glaciers are simplified versions of Trapridge Glacier in northwest Canada that allow diagnostic modeling of influences on glacier structure and help to clarify the physics and numerics. In the model, surges occur every 50 years in response to a prescribed cyclic change in bed friction. Medial moraine patterns are simulated by tracking the englacial and supraglacial trajectory of debris injected at fixed points in the accumulation region. Stratification is assumed to be associated with isochronal surfaces, and vertical foliation is explained in terms of horizontal flattening of strain ellipsoids. Crevasses form when and where the intensity of tensile stress exceeds a prescribed threshold; crack damage is cumulative so that crevasse traces observed at sampling sites are a superposition of the damage accumulated en route. Folding is parameterized but not resolved. By evaluating the deformation gradient tensor along ice particle trajectories and applying the polar decomposition to this tensor, we isolate the cumulative effects of rotation and stretching by ice flow and calculate strain ellipsoids as well as other practical indicators of deformation
KW - glacier structure
KW - glaciology
KW - modeling
KW - glacier surging
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85061438428&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1029/2018JF004870
DO - 10.1029/2018JF004870
M3 - Article
SN - 2169-9003
VL - 124
SP - 495
EP - 525
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
IS - 2
ER -