‘Guilty of Having Been Obedient’: A Fresh Dissection of the Superior Orders Controversy

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)
5 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

One of the most debated subjects among academics and experts in the fields of International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law is the principle of individual criminal responsibility for war crimes. Even more contentious is that aspect of the principle relating to crimes committed under superior orders – a legal strategy employed by many defendants at the Nuremberg war crimes trials. This paper contributes to the debate by establishing the extent to which Article 33 of the Rome Statute, which adopts the conditional liability approach, is justified. The article achieves its objective by critically discussing the subject from a combination of legal, psychological and moral philosophical perspectives. It presents a historical account of the superior orders defence, highlighting how two conflicting liability doctrines, absolute liability and conditional liability, have traditionally been applied by the courts, and taking a stance in favour of the latter. The article, however, underlines some pressing questions that Article 33 raises. It offers a brief exegesis of the emotion of fear to show how it may destroy voluntariness, arguing that as a modifier of voluntariness, grave fear, in certain circumstances, should exculpate perpetrators in claims of crime under superior orders, even where the orders were manifestly unlawful.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)279-313
Number of pages35
JournalJournal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
Volume12
Issue number2
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 17 Jun 2021

Keywords

  • Absolute liability
  • Conditional liability
  • Duress
  • Fear
  • Manifestly unlawful
  • Obedience
  • Subordinates
  • Superior orders defence
  • Voluntariness

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of '‘Guilty of Having Been Obedient’: A Fresh Dissection of the Superior Orders Controversy'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this