TY - JOUR
T1 - Microbial abundance in surface ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet
AU - Stibal, Marek
AU - Gözdereliler, Erkin
AU - Cameron, Karen
AU - Box, Jason E.
AU - Stevens, Ian
AU - Gokul, Jarishma
AU - Schostag, Morten
AU - Zarsky, Jakub
AU - Edwards, Arwyn
AU - Irvine-Fynn, Tristram
AU - Jacobsen, Carsten
N1 - Stibal, M., Gözdereliler, E., Cameron, K., Box, J. E., Stevens, I., Gokul, J., Schostag, M., Zarsky, J., Edwards, A., Irvine-Fynn, T. Jacobsen, C. (2015). Microbial abundance in surface ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6 (225).
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PY - 2015/3/24
Y1 - 2015/3/24
N2 - Measuring microbial abundance in glacier ice and identifying its controls is essential for a better understanding and quantification of biogeochemical processes in glacial ecosystems. However, cell enumeration of glacier ice samples is challenging due to typically low cell numbers and the presence of interfering mineral particles. We quantified for the first time the abundance of microbial cells in surface ice from geographically distinct sites on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), using three enumeration methods: epifluorescence microscopy (EFM), flow cytometry (FCM), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, we reviewed published data on microbial abundance in glacier ice and tested the three methods on artificial ice samples of realistic cell (102–107 cells ml−1) and mineral particle (0.1–100 mg ml−1) concentrations, simulating a range of glacial ice types, from clean subsurface ice to surface ice to sediment-laden basal ice. We then used multivariate statistical analysis to identify factors responsible for the variation in microbial abundance on the ice sheet. EFM gave the most accurate and reproducible results of the tested methodologies, and was therefore selected as the most suitable technique for cell enumeration of ice containing dust. Cell numbers in surface ice samples, determined by EFM, ranged from ~ 2 × 103 to ~ 2 × 106 cells ml−1 while dust concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 2 mg ml−1. The lowest abundances were found in ice sampled from the accumulation area of the ice sheet and in samples affected by fresh snow; these samples may be considered as a reference point of the cell abundance of precipitants that are deposited on the ice sheet surface. Dust content was the most significant variable to explain the variation in the abundance data, which suggests a direct association between deposited dust particles and cells and/or by their provision of limited nutrients to microbial communities on the GrIS.
AB - Measuring microbial abundance in glacier ice and identifying its controls is essential for a better understanding and quantification of biogeochemical processes in glacial ecosystems. However, cell enumeration of glacier ice samples is challenging due to typically low cell numbers and the presence of interfering mineral particles. We quantified for the first time the abundance of microbial cells in surface ice from geographically distinct sites on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), using three enumeration methods: epifluorescence microscopy (EFM), flow cytometry (FCM), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, we reviewed published data on microbial abundance in glacier ice and tested the three methods on artificial ice samples of realistic cell (102–107 cells ml−1) and mineral particle (0.1–100 mg ml−1) concentrations, simulating a range of glacial ice types, from clean subsurface ice to surface ice to sediment-laden basal ice. We then used multivariate statistical analysis to identify factors responsible for the variation in microbial abundance on the ice sheet. EFM gave the most accurate and reproducible results of the tested methodologies, and was therefore selected as the most suitable technique for cell enumeration of ice containing dust. Cell numbers in surface ice samples, determined by EFM, ranged from ~ 2 × 103 to ~ 2 × 106 cells ml−1 while dust concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 2 mg ml−1. The lowest abundances were found in ice sampled from the accumulation area of the ice sheet and in samples affected by fresh snow; these samples may be considered as a reference point of the cell abundance of precipitants that are deposited on the ice sheet surface. Dust content was the most significant variable to explain the variation in the abundance data, which suggests a direct association between deposited dust particles and cells and/or by their provision of limited nutrients to microbial communities on the GrIS.
KW - glacier ice
KW - microbial abundance
KW - Greenland Ice Sheet
KW - epifluorescnece microscopy
KW - flow cytometry
KW - quantitative
KW - PCR
KW - multivariate analysis
UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2160/28658
UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00225/full#h9
U2 - 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00225
DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00225
M3 - Article
C2 - 25852678
SN - 1664-302X
VL - 6
SP - N/A
JO - Frontiers in Microbiology
JF - Frontiers in Microbiology
IS - 225
M1 - 225
ER -