TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and its associated risk factors in the emerging dairy belts of regional cities in Ethiopia
AU - Mekonnen, Getnet Abie
AU - Conlan, Andrew J.K.
AU - Berg, Stefan
AU - Ayele, Birhanu Teshome
AU - Alemu, Alemseged
AU - Guta, Sintayehu
AU - Lakew, Mateios
AU - Tadesse, Biniam
AU - Gebre, Solomon
AU - Wood, James L.N.
AU - Ameni, Gobena
AU - ETHICOBOTS Consortium
AU - Hewinson, Glyn
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Department for International Development, the Economic & Social Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the Natural Environment Research Council and the Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, under the Zoonoses and Emerging Livestock Systems (ZELS) programme, ref: BB/L018977/1. The authors are indebted to the management of the National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC) and its technical staff who conducted the field testing and data collection, Regional Livestock Agencies, Organizations, Dairy co-operations and Dairy farmers who collaborate or allow this work to be done. The authors would also like to extend their appreciation to the editors and reviewers for their contribution to shape the manuscript.
Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council , the Department for International Development , the Economic & Social Research Council , the Medical Research Council , the Natural Environment Research Council and the Defence Science & Technology Laboratory , under the Zoonoses and Emerging Livestock Systems (ZELS) programme, ref: BB/L018977/1. The authors are indebted to the management of the National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC) and its technical staff who conducted the field testing and data collection, Regional Livestock Agencies, Organizations, Dairy co-operations and Dairy farmers who collaborate or allow this work to be done. The authors would also like to extend their appreciation to the editors and reviewers for their contribution to shape the manuscript.
Funding Information:
Ethical approval to implement the research was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University (Reference number IRB/ALIPB/2018 ). This study was supported by the Ethiopian Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries. Skin testing was based on the international standards ( OIE, 2009 ), and all skin testing and data collections were reliant on the willingness of herd owners and/ or managers following elaboration of the study purpose, adverse effect and benefits of the research. As part of the survey, the BTB testing team also treated sick animals in the herds with antibiotics, anthelminthic drugs and wound spray to incentivise participation and the team also advised owners to seek further advice from the local veterinary clinic for close follow up and further medication of their sick animals.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Authors
PY - 2019/7/1
Y1 - 2019/7/1
N2 - Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has become an economically important disease in dairy herds found in and around Addis Ababa City and is emerging in regional cities like Gondar, Hawassa and Mekelle because of the establishment of dairy farms in the milk sheds of these cities. A cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of BTB and identify associated risk factors was conducted between February 2016 and March 2017. A total of 174 herds comprising of 2,754 dairy cattle in the cities of Gondar, Hawassa and Mekelle were tested using the Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (SICCT) test. Data on herd structure, animal origin, body condition, housing condition, farm hygiene, management and biosecurity practices were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) were used to analyze the herd and animal level risk factors, respectively. The herd prevalence was 22.4% (95% CI: 17–29%) while the animal prevalence was 5.2% (95% CI: 4–6%) at the cut-off >4 mm. The herd prevalence rose to 65.5% (95% CI: 58–72%) and the animal prevalence rose to 9% (95% CI: 8–10%) when the severe interpretation of >2 mm cut-off was applied. The mean within-herd prevalence in positive farms at the cut-off >4 mm was 22.7% (95% CI: 15–31%). At the herd level, the analysis showed that herd size, farm hygiene, feeding condition and biosecurity were significantly associated with BTB status, while new cattle introductions showed only borderline significance and that age of farm, housing condition, farmers’ educational status and animal health care practice were not significant. At the animal level, the results showed that age and animal origin were identified as significant predictors for BTB positivity but sex and body condition score were not related to BTB status. Descriptive analysis revealed that herds having ‘BTB history’ showed slightly higher likelihood of being BTB positive compared to farms having no previous BTB exposure. In conclusion, this study showed relatively lower average prevalence in the emerging dairy regions as compared to the prevalence observed in and around Addis Ababa City, warranting for implementation of control program at this stage to reduce or possibly stop further transmission of BTB.
AB - Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has become an economically important disease in dairy herds found in and around Addis Ababa City and is emerging in regional cities like Gondar, Hawassa and Mekelle because of the establishment of dairy farms in the milk sheds of these cities. A cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of BTB and identify associated risk factors was conducted between February 2016 and March 2017. A total of 174 herds comprising of 2,754 dairy cattle in the cities of Gondar, Hawassa and Mekelle were tested using the Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (SICCT) test. Data on herd structure, animal origin, body condition, housing condition, farm hygiene, management and biosecurity practices were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) were used to analyze the herd and animal level risk factors, respectively. The herd prevalence was 22.4% (95% CI: 17–29%) while the animal prevalence was 5.2% (95% CI: 4–6%) at the cut-off >4 mm. The herd prevalence rose to 65.5% (95% CI: 58–72%) and the animal prevalence rose to 9% (95% CI: 8–10%) when the severe interpretation of >2 mm cut-off was applied. The mean within-herd prevalence in positive farms at the cut-off >4 mm was 22.7% (95% CI: 15–31%). At the herd level, the analysis showed that herd size, farm hygiene, feeding condition and biosecurity were significantly associated with BTB status, while new cattle introductions showed only borderline significance and that age of farm, housing condition, farmers’ educational status and animal health care practice were not significant. At the animal level, the results showed that age and animal origin were identified as significant predictors for BTB positivity but sex and body condition score were not related to BTB status. Descriptive analysis revealed that herds having ‘BTB history’ showed slightly higher likelihood of being BTB positive compared to farms having no previous BTB exposure. In conclusion, this study showed relatively lower average prevalence in the emerging dairy regions as compared to the prevalence observed in and around Addis Ababa City, warranting for implementation of control program at this stage to reduce or possibly stop further transmission of BTB.
KW - Bovine tuberculosis
KW - Cattle
KW - Emerging dairy sector
KW - Ethiopia
KW - Prevalence
KW - Risk factors
KW - Cross-Sectional Studies
KW - Risk Factors
KW - Male
KW - Ethiopia/epidemiology
KW - Animals
KW - Dairying
KW - Female
KW - Tuberculosis, Bovine/epidemiology
KW - Cities
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85065084968&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.010
DO - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.010
M3 - Article
C2 - 31097127
AN - SCOPUS:85065084968
SN - 0167-5877
VL - 168
SP - 81
EP - 89
JO - Preventive Veterinary Medicine
JF - Preventive Veterinary Medicine
ER -
