@article{ad74db5fae3b4009962395090e28f156,
title = "The Ascomycota Tree of Life: A phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits",
abstract = "We present a 6-gene, 420-species maximum-likelihood phylogeny of Ascomycota, the largest phylum of Fungi. This analysis is the most taxonomically complete to date with species sampled from all 15 currently circumscribed classes. A number of superclass-level nodes that have previously evaded resolution and were unnamed in classifications of the Fungi are resolved for the first time. Based on the 6-gene phylogeny we conducted a phylogenetic informativeness analysis of all 6 genes and a series of ancestral character state reconstructions that focused on morphology of sporocarps, ascus dehiscence, and evolution of nutritional modes and ecologies. A gene-by-gene assessment of phylogenetic informativeness yielded higher levels of informativeness for protein genes (RPB1, RPB2, and TEF1) as compared with the ribosomal genes, which have been the standard bearer in fungal systematics. Our reconstruction of sporocarp characters is consistent with 2 origins for multicellular sexual reproductive structures in Ascomycota, once in the common ancestor of Pezizomycotina and once in the common ancestor of Neolectomycetes. This first report of dual origins of ascomycete sporocarps highlights the complicated nature of assessing homology of morphological traits across Fungi. Furthermore, ancestral reconstruction supports an open sporocarp with an exposed hymenium (apothecium) as the primitive morphology for Pezizomycotina with multiple derivations of the partially (perithecia) or completely enclosed (cleistothecia) sporocarps. Ascus dehiscence is most informative at the class level within Pezizomycotina with most superclass nodes reconstructed equivocally. Character-state reconstructions support a terrestrial, saprobic ecology as ancestral. In contrast to previous studies, these analyses support multiple origins of lichenization events with the loss of lichenization as less frequent and limited to terminal, closely related species.",
keywords = "Ancestral character reconstruction, Fungi, large data sets, lichenization, phylogeny",
author = "Schoch, {Conrad L} and Gi-Ho Sung and Francesc L{\'o}pez-Gir{\'a}ldez and Townsend, {Jeffrey P} and Jolanta Miadlikowska and Val{\'e}rie Hofstetter and Barbara Robbertse and Matheny, {P Brandon} and Frank Kauff and Zheng Wang and C{\'e}cile Gueidan and Andrie, {Rachael M} and Kristin Trippe and Ciufetti, {Linda M} and Anja Wynns and Emily Fraker and Hodkinson, {Brendan P} and Gregory Bonito and Groenewald, {Johannes Z} and Mahdi Arzanlou and {de Hoog}, {G Sybren} and Crous, {Pedro W} and David Hewitt and Pfister, {Donald H} and Kristin Peterson and Marieka Gryzenhout and Wingfield, {Michael J} and Andr{\'e} Aptroot and Sung-Oui Suh and Meredith Blackwell and Hillis, {David M} and Griffith, {Gareth W} and Castlebury, {Lisa A} and Rossman, {Amy Y} and Lumbsch, {H Thorsten} and Robert L{\"u}cking and Burkhard B{\"u}del and Alexandra Rauhut and Paul Diederich and Damien Ertz and Geiser, {David M} and Kentaro Hosaka and Patrik Inderbitzin and Jan Kohlmeyer and Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer and Lizel Mostert and Kerry O'Donnell and Harrie Sipman and Rogers, {Jack D} and Shoemaker, {Robert A} and Junta Sugiyama and Summerbell, {Richard C} and Wendy Untereiner and Johnston, {Peter R} and Soili Stenroos and Alga Zuccaro and Dyer, {Paul S} and Crittenden, {Peter D} and Cole, {Mariette S} and Karen Hansen and Trappe, {James M} and Rebecca Yahr and Fran{\c c}ois Lutzoni and Spatafora, {Joseph W}",
note = "Schoch, C. L., Sung, G-H., L{\'o}pez-Gir{\'a}ldez, F., Townsend, J. P., Miadlikowska, J., Hofstetter, V., Robbertse, B., Matheny, P. B., Kauff, F., Wang, Z., Gueidan, C., Andrie, R. M., Trippe, K., Ciufetti, L. M., Wynns, A., Fraker, E., Hodkinson, B. P., Bonito, G., Groenewald, J. Z., Arzanlou, M., de Hoog, G. S., Crous, P. W., Hewitt, D., Pfister, D. H., Peterson, K., Gryzenhout, M., Wingfield, M. J., Aptroot, A., Suh, S-O., Blackwell, M., Hillis, D. M., Griffith, G. W., Castlebury, L. A., Rossman, A. Y., Lumbsch, H. T., L{\"u}cking, R., B{\"u}del, B., Rauhut, A., Diederich, P., Ertz, D., Geiser, D. M., Hosaka, K., Inderbitzin, P., Kohlmeyer, J., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B., Mostert, L., O'Donnell, K., Sipman, H., Rogers, J. D., Shoemaker, R. A., Sugiyama, J., Summerbell, R. C., Untereiner, W., Johnston, P. R., Stenroos, S., Zuccaro, A., Dyer, P. S., Crittenden, P. D., Cole, M. S., Hansen, K., Trappe, J. M., Yahr, R., Lutzoni, F., Spatafora, J. W. (2009). The Ascomycota Tree of Life: A phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology, 58 (2), 224-239 Sponsorship: National Science Foundation; 'Deep Hypha' research coordination network; Academy of Finland (No. 211172) IMPF: 08.48 RONO: 00 ",
year = "2009",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1093/sysbio/syp020",
language = "English",
volume = "58",
pages = "224--239",
journal = "Systematic Biology",
issn = "1063-5157",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "2",
}