Abstract
The European Union (EU) has declared its European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) operational. It has put the institutional structures in place to manage the political aspects of security and defence policy and the member-states have pledged a range of military capabilities, which the EU may call upon. However there are significant issues that need to be resolved for the ESDP to be a truly effective and credible policy. On the whole, these issues revolve around military capabilities, defence spending and a strategic concept. Without investing in critical military capabilities and without a clear direction, ESDP will become a policy without substance.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 39-63 |
| Number of pages | 25 |
| Journal | European Security |
| Volume | 12 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2003 |